Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world’s freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global sea levels by almost 60 metres (200 ft). Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, and nuclear waste disposal are all prohibited in Antarctica.

Antarctica

  • By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then.
  • Antarctica (/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/ ⓘ)note 1 is Earth’s southernmost and least-populated continent.
  • It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland.

East Antarctica was at the equator, where seafloor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick, and Pensacola Mountains. Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the Mount Erebus disaster in 1979, when an Air New Zealand plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people on board. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.215 There are many airports in Antarctica.

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  • Despite the continent’s remoteness, human activity has a significant effect on it via pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change.
  • Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick, and Pensacola Mountains.
  • Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest of Earth’s continents.1Near the coast, the temperature can exceed 10 °C in summer and fall to below −40 °C in winter.
  • Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the Mount Erebus disaster in 1979, when an Air New Zealand plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people on board.
  • Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System.

During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at research stations, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. Despite the continent’s remoteness, human activity has a significant effect on it via pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change. Antarctica (/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/ ⓘ)note 1 is Earth’s southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as what is a activity cost driver the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).

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Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest of Earth’s continents.1Near the coast, the temperature can exceed 10 °C in summer and fall to below −40 °C in winter. Over the elevated inland, it can rise to about −30 °C in summer but fall below −80 °C in winter. During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate.33 West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during the time, large amounts of sandstones, limestones, and shales were deposited.

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